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Altan Khan of the Tümed (2 January 1508 – 13 January 1582; ; Chinese language: 阿勒坦汗), whose given name was Anda (Mongolian: Алтан (Аньда); Алтан хан Mongoltoli.mn Chinese language: 俺答), was the leader of the Tümed Mongols,Stein, R. A. (1972). Tibetan Civilization, pp. 81-82. Stanford University Press, Stanford California. (cloth); (paper).Richardson, Hugh E. (1984). Tibet & its History. Second Edition, Revised and Updated, p. 41. Shambhala, Boston & London. (pbk). the de facto ruler of the Right Wing, or western tribes, of the Mongols. He was the grandson of Dayan Khan (1464–1543), a descendant of Kublai Khan (1215–1294), who had managed to unite a tribal league between the Khalkha Mongols in the north and the Chahars (Tsakhars) to the east. He later swore allegiance to Ming dynasty and became a patron of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism.
When Bodi Alagh Khan, the Khagan of the Mongols from the Chahar, died in 1547, Altan forced Bodi Alagh's successor Darayisung Küdeng Khan to flee eastward. In 1551 Darayisung made a compromise with Altan in exchange for giving the title "Gegeen Khan" to him. Altan Khan, who controlled the Ordos Mongols of the Huang He or Yellow River was well placed to keep pressure on the Chinese and the Oirats Mongols in Tibet while developing both agriculture and trade. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition (1977), Vol. 12, p. 373.
Altan Khan also founded the city of Köke Khota (Hohhot, meaning "The Blue City"), now the capital of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition (1977), Vol. I, p. 275. There is an impressive statue of him in one of the city's main squares.
赵全的主意发兵攻明，意欲获明将交换把汉那吉等人 Zhao Quan'
”俺答喜甚，便屏退左右，密语崇德道：“我不为乱，乱由全等。天子若封我为王，统辖北方诸部，我当约令称臣，永不复叛。我死后，我子我孙将必袭封，世世衣食中国，尚忍背德么？” Altan was very happy, so he dismissed his attendants and whispered to Chongde, "I am not the one who caused the rebellion. The rebellion was caused by Quandeng. If the emperor appoints me as king and rules over the northern tribes, I will make a promise to be his official, receive order and never betray. After I die, my sons and grandsons will inherit the title and be fed and clothed by China for generations. How can I bear to betray my virtue?" In 1570 (fourth year of the Longqing Emperor era), Anda Feng Gong (Chinese:俺答封贡) occurred after Bǎhànnàjí returned to Altan Khan, and Han officials including Zhao Quan under Altan Khan were executed the next day by the Ming. In 1571, Altan Khan agreed to pay tribute to the Ming, and the title Shunyi King ("king who conforms to righteousness") and seal of authority were granted to him by the Longqing Emperor (March 4, 1537 – July 5, 1572), the 12th emperor of China (Ming dynasty). The emperor also gave Altan Khan's new capital a new name, Hohhot, meaning "return to civilization".History of Ming: 又雜采崇古及廷臣議，賜王印，給食用，加撫賞，惟貢使不聽入京。Laird, Thomas (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, p. 143. Grove Press, N.Y. . More than 60 other people including Altan Khan'
1571 年，明廷封俺答汗为"順義王"，其弟把都儿、侄子吉能（袄儿都思部济农）等人以下台吉60 多人被封为都督、指挥、千户、百户等明朝官职，按职给赏，俺答汗等人每年向明朝贡马，右翼蒙古终于与明朝建立了通贡互市关系。In 1571, the Ming Dynasty granted Anda Khan the title of "King of Shunyi". His younger brother Badu'er, nephew Ji Neng (Yao'
封把汉那吉为昭勇将军，指挥如故 Bǎhànnàjí was appointed as General Zhaoyong and continued to command as before.
Altan Khan's submission to the Ming dynasty in 1570 was largely nominal, as he retained significant autonomy. While he acknowledged Ming authority and paid tribute, the arrangement was mutually beneficial, with the Ming offering trade privileges. In reality, the Ming had little control over Altan Khan's actions or policies.
Serruys, Henry. ''Chinese in Southern Mongolia During the Sixteenth Century''. Monumenta Serica, Vol. 18 (1959), pp. 1-95. Available at: [https://books.google.mn/books/about/Chinese_in_Southern_Mongolia_During_the.html?id=IlohAQAAMAAJ Google Books]
In 1573, Altan Khan took some Tibetan Buddhist monks prisoner.Stein, R. A. (1972). Tibetan Civilization, p. 81. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. (cloth); (paper).
Sonam Gyatso accepted Altan Khan's invitation to Tümed in 1577.McKay 2003, p. 18 Altan Khan later had Thegchen Chonkhor, Mongolia's first monastery, built at the place of the meeting.Laird, Thomas (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, p. 144. Grove Press, N.Y. . Also, the ruler of the Khalkha Mongols, Abtai Sain Khan, rushed to Tümed to meet the Dalai Lama. He built the Erdene Zuu Monastery in 1586, at the site of the former Mongol capital of Karakorum following his adoption of Buddhism as the state religion."Erdene Zuu Monastery" accessed 7 December 2007. This monastery is also often (wrongly) referred to as the first monastery in Mongolia and it grew into a massive establishment. In 1792, it contained 68 temples and some 15,000 lamas. Discover Mongolia Accessed 7 December 2007.
Sonam Gyatso publicly announced that he was a reincarnation of the Tibetan Sakya monk Drogön Chögyal Phagpa (1235–1280) who had converted Kublai Khan. He also claimed Altan Khan was a reincarnation of Kublai Khan (1215–1294), the famous ruler of the Mongol Empire and Emperor of China, and that they had come together again to cooperate in propagating the Buddhist religion.Laird, Thomas (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, p. 146. Grove Press, N.Y. . (1968). 9780671205591, Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780671205591
Altan Khan designated Sonam Gyatso as "Dalai" (a translation into Mongolian of the name Gyatso, meaning "ocean") in 1578. As a result, Sonam Gyatso became known as the Dalai Lama which, since then, has been used as a title – frequently translated into English as "Ocean of Wisdom". The title was also posthumously given to Gendun Drup and Gendun Gyatso, who were considered Sonam Gyatso's previous incarnations.McKay 2003, p. 19 Thus, Sonam Gyatso was recognized as being already the 3rd Dalai Lama.
Sonam Gyatso never returned to Tibet but remained proselytizing among the Mongols.McKay 2003, p. 19 The Tümed Mongols and their allies were brought into the Gelug tradition, which was to become the main spiritual orientation of the Mongols in the ensuing centuries.
Sonam Gyatso's message was that the time had come for Mongolia to embrace Buddhism, that from that time on there should be no more animal sacrifices, there must be no taking of life, animal or human, military action must be pursued only with purpose and the immolation of women on the funeral pyres of their husbands must be abolished.Norbu, Thubten Jigme and Turnbull, Colin M. (1968). Tibet: An account of the history, religion and the people of Tibet, p. 219. Touchstone Books, New York. (hbk); (pbk). He also secured an edict abolishing the Mongol custom of blood-sacrifices.Stein, R. A. (1972). Tibetan Civilization, p. 82. Stanford University Press, Stanford California. (cloth); (paper). "These and many other such laws were set forth by Gyalwa Sonam Gyatso and were instituted by Altan Khan."Mullin, Glenn H. (2001). The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation, p. 146. Clear Light Publishers, Santa Fe, New Mexico. .
A massive program of translating Tibetan (and Sanskrit) The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition (1977), Vol. 12, p. 374. texts into Mongolian was commenced, with letters written in silver and gold and paid for by the Dalai Lama's Mongolian devotees. Within 50 years virtually all Mongols had become Buddhist, with tens of thousands of monks, who were members of the Gelug order, loyal to the Dalai Lama.
When Sonam Gyatso died in 1588, his incarnation – and thus, the new Dalai Lama – was Altan Khan's great-grandson.
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